Cells are rubbed from a woman's cervix and examined under a microscope for pre-cancerous conditions and other abnormalities..

In persistent or serious sore throats, cells from the throat are placed on culture medium where disease bacteria are grown and identified.

Study of cells of tissue easily accessible. Example: swellings in the neck region. This is an OPD procedure to differentiate between cancer and other harmless swellings.

This can be used to detect cancer, fungal and other infections.

Spinal fluid may be tested to detect brain tumours and infections of the brain.

To detect parasites and presence of blood due to cancer or other conditions.

Example: from the abdomen, chest, etc. to detect cancer and other infections.

For detection of anemias, unusual blood disorders, cancer, etc.